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urlencode($s) returns an encoded string by replacing in $s all non-alphanumeric characters (except -_.) with a % sign followed by two hex digits, and all spaces by a + sign. This allows data to be passed along with the URL using the GET method. urldecode($s) decodes any %## encoding in the string $s. + signs are decoded to a space character.

rawurlencode($s) is similar to urlencode($s) except that ~ signs are not encoded and spaces are encoded as %##. rawurldecode($s) is similar to urldecode($s) except that + signs are not decoded.

base64_encode($s) encodes $s with MIME base64 to make binary data survive transport through transport layers that are not 8-bit clean. base64_ decode($s) is the reverse of base64_ encode($s).

RESETRUNFULL
<?php

echo "<pre>";

$test = ' -_.~+!@#$%^&';
echo urlencode($test)."\n";
echo rawurlencode($test)."\n";
echo base64_encode($test);

echo "</pre>";

?>
parse_url($s [, $i=-1]) returns an array containing the URL components of $s. If $i is one of 
PHP_URL_SCHEME, PHP_URL_HOST, PHP_URL_PORT, PHP_URL_USER,PHP_URL_PASS, PHP_URL_PATH, PHP_URL_QUERY or PHP_URL_FRAGMENT, a string is returned instead, and the string contains just the specified component. 

<?php
echo "<pre>";
print_r(parse_url('http://username:password@hostname/path?arg=value#anchor'));
echo "</pre>";
?>

Array
(
    [scheme] => http
    [host] => hostname
    [user] => username
    [pass] => password
    [path] => /path
    [query] => arg=value
    [fragment] => anchor
)
get_headers($s [,$i=0]) returns an array with the headers sent by the server in response to the HTTP request $s. If $i is set to non-zero, the response is parsed and the array’s keys are set. 

<?php
echo "<pre>";
print_r(get_headers("http://www.google.com",1));
echo "</pre>";
?>

Array
(
    [0] => HTTP/1.0 302 Found
    [Location] => http://www.google.com.my/?gws_rd=cr&ei=27FPU-S7O-fniAf4v4GoCQ
    [Cache-Control] => Array
        (
            [0] => private
            [1] => private, max-age=0
        )

    [Content-Type] => Array
        (
            [0] => text/html; charset=UTF-8
            [1] => text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
        )

    [Set-Cookie] => Array
        (
            [0] => PREF=ID=d115201d75f3707f:FF=0:TM=1397731803:LM=1397731803:S=IiTOX1VG8tEZBzxv; expires=Sat, 16-Apr-2016 10:50:03 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com
            [1] => NID=67=T_q3Tm11ZZXK6PSDi2QoPpzfQ1r8-rged9RopxpI5d1ikLo8-RpjczHHS4QtVhbxL8r_XHkrVb2RZlFduHmcKtkDxyVM4GQa3j1LcKLLlM9h9-6COnFpHAEZ5Yv7y1Au; expires=Fri, 17-Oct-2014 10:50:03 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly
            [2] => PREF=ID=92c098fcba592628:FF=0:TM=1397731804:LM=1397731804:S=MI0uB5GJFK7ZZ0-w; expires=Sat, 16-Apr-2016 10:50:04 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com.my
            [3] => NID=67=PNjAby1rLsDXZwsY0c9DKEKLw1N9aAZblB9KoOFiUpZZq0Ktg3yfczdeu4YsoX2p2LwWYYk-qxKIl6PIuppc8VHzCnrwMzyL1GAVbM7zc5MUMY0xTRiCHTUhLZYOJbfW; expires=Fri, 17-Oct-2014 10:50:04 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com.my; HttpOnly
        )

    [P3P] => Array
        (
            [0] => CP="This is not a P3P policy! See http://www.google.com/support/accounts/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=151657 for more info."
            [1] => CP="This is not a P3P policy! See http://www.google.com/support/accounts/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=151657 for more info."
        )

    [Date] => Array
        (
            [0] => Thu, 17 Apr 2014 10:50:03 GMT
            [1] => Thu, 17 Apr 2014 10:50:04 GMT
        )

    [Server] => Array
        (
            [0] => gws
            [1] => gws
        )

    [Content-Length] => 262
    [X-XSS-Protection] => Array
        (
            [0] => 1; mode=block
            [1] => 1; mode=block
        )

    [X-Frame-Options] => Array
        (
            [0] => SAMEORIGIN
            [1] => SAMEORIGIN
        )

    [Alternate-Protocol] => Array
        (
            [0] => 80:quic
            [1] => 80:quic
        )

    [1] => HTTP/1.0 200 OK
    [Expires] => -1
)
get_meta_tags($s [,$b=false]) opens the file $s and parses it for <meta> tags in the file, until </head> is met, and returns an associative array. If $b is true, the path specified by the include_path directive will be searched as well. 

<?php
echo "<pre>";
print_r(get_meta_tags('test.html'));
echo "</pre>";
?>

<html>
<head>
   <title>Test Page</title>
   <meta name="author" content="Lip Phang"/>
   <meta name="keywords" content="Advanced PHP"/>
   <meta name="DESCRIPTION" content="URL Functions"/>
</head>
<body>
Hello
</body>
</html>

Array
(
    [author] => Lip Phang
    [keywords] => Advanced PHP
    [description] => URL Functions
)
http_build_query($arr [,$s1 [,$s2 [$i=PHP_ QUERY_RFC1738]]]) generates a URL-encoded query string from the array provided. $s1 specifies the prefix to be prepended to any numeric indices in the array. $s2 specifies the arguments separator, which is & by default. $i specifies the encoding type, which can be PHP_QUERY_RFC1738 (spaces encoded as +), or PHP_QUERY_RFC3986 (spaces encoded as %20). 

<?php
$arr = ['a'=>1, 'b'=>2, 3];
echo http_build_query($arr,'num')."<br/>";

class O{
   private $a=1;
   public $b=2;
}
$obj = new O;
echo http_build_query($obj);
?>

a=1&b=2&num0=3
b=2