Indexes and Optimizer and EXPLAIN made single queries cheaper. This section tunes the server under them and shows how to find the statements worth fixing. The method never changes: read a counter, change one variable, apply a load, read the counter again. All numbers come from a small mysql:9.7 container (9.7.2, 6 GB, four CPUs) under WSL2 6 on this book's Windows 11 PC, holding shop plus a 3-million-row page_views table. Absolute figures differ on real servers; the direction of each effect does not. Persist what you keep with SET PERSIST or the option file (Option Files and Variables).
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Server Tuning
Server Tuning and the Performance Schema