The fetch step talks to a registry, an HTTP service that answers two kinds of request: metadata about a package and the tarball of one version. npm 2,036 , pnpm 69,400 , Yarn 11,798 and Bun 73,307 all speak the same protocol to registry.npmjs.org, so any server that implements it can stand in: a mirror closer to you, a cache in front of your CI, or a private registry for code that must never be public.
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Registries and Mirrors
Registries, Mirrors and Private Packages