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Kubernetes

Docker ended with BookNest running as a Swarm 514 stack, and Jenkins gave it a Jenkins 8,793 pipeline that builds the image and pushes it to a registry. What is still missing is the platform most teams run such an image on in production: Kubernetes 5,150 , the open-source container orchestrator that every major cloud offers as a managed service.

Kubernetes' reputation for complexity is partly earned: an API server, a database, a scheduler, a dozen controllers, an agent on every node and dozens of object kinds. The idea underneath is simple. You declare the state you want, the API server stores it, and independent control loops keep moving the real world toward it. Every feature in this chapter, from Deployments to Helm 29,435 charts to GitOps, is a variation on that pattern.

Everything runs for real on a kind 14,561 cluster (Kubernetes 1.37 in Docker 514 containers, one control-plane node and one worker) in Ubuntu 26.04 225 under WSL2 6 , on a machine with four logical CPUs, driven by kubectl 1.37.1 5,150 .

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