An Android build runs Kotlin through a longer chain than kotlinc: Gradle 19,597 drives the Android Gradle Plugin 234 (AGP), AGP runs the Kotlin compiler with the Compose 234 plugin, D8 turns the bytecode into DEX, and the result is packaged and signed into an APK. Android Toolchain installed the JDK, SDK and emulator; this section covers the Kotlin and Compose tooling on top, as of September 2026: AGP 9.4.0, Gradle 9.7.1, Kotlin 2.4.20, Compose BOM 2026.09.00.
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Studio and Toolchain
Android Studio and the Kotlin Build Toolchain